![]() ![]() Black lines indicate the two segments fit to the data before and after the breakpoint. Vertical dashed lines indicate breakpoints at which the dependent variables changed significantly. Horizontal and vertical dotted lines indicate X and Y axes, respectively. 5C) of Litoria caerulea during an outbreak of chytridiomycosis. Segmented regressions of plasma corticosterone (CORT, Fig. During the week prior to sacrifice, shed skin was found on significantly more days within bins of frogs that eventually became diseased than within the bins of non-diseased frogs (ANOVA, PBd burdens. listlessness, odd body posture, and skin discoloration) consumed significantly less food one week prior to displaying clinical signs of disease compared to individuals that displayed no signs of disease (ANOVA, P = 0.022, F 1,21 = 6.16 Fig. Individuals that eventually displayed clinical signs of disease (e.g. Because both CORT and disease influence energy balance, we also monitored resting metabolic rate (RMR), body condition, and body mass. We documented the relationship of Bd infection to plasma CORT, sodium, and potassium concentrations food intake skin shedding and WBC profiles during an outbreak of Bd in a laboratory colony of Australian Green Tree Frogs ( Litoria caerulea). The overall aims of our study were to determine whether Bd infection influences CORT levels and whether CORT profiles are associated with previously undescribed, as well as previously described effects of Bd infection. Thus, CORT, in its regulatory role of maintaining ion homeostasis, may be elevated in response to disease caused by infection, and could contribute to Bd-induced mortality. The suppression of appetite may further exacerbate ion imbalance, leading to unsustainable blood sodium levels and cardiac failure. ![]() However, high concentrations of GCs may become maladaptive, altering immune responses –, increasing metabolic rate, as well as actually suppressing appetite. Because Bd infection directly compromises cutaneous sodium transport, a sustained elevation of CORT could occur to maintain ion homeostasis. A normal, adaptive, regulatory mechanism to maintain sodium homeostasis is likely a moderate, transitory elevation in CORT secretion to increase cutaneous uptake of sodium as well as digestive uptake (facilitated by increased appetite). In amphibians, GCs are critical regulators of blood ion homeostasis –, appetite, , skin shedding –, and WBC numbers and immune function –. GCs may mediate the aforementioned effects of Bd infection. Yet there are no studies that have attempted to document what hormones may be mediating these changes in blood ions, behavior, shedding, and WBC abundance. Bd also suppresses appetite, , disrupts normal skin shedding, , and causes alterations in white blood cell (WBC) abundance. Specifically, Bd disrupts sodium transport in the host’s epidermis, which leads to hyponatremia and cardiac failure. Chytridiomycosis, like CORT, influences blood ion homeostasis, appetite, skin shedding, and immunity. It is considered to be a significant threat to global amphibian biodiversity, –. exposed Rana sylvatica to ranaviruses and observed an increase in corticosterone (CORT the most abundant amphibian GC) concentration and accelerated developmental changes consistent with the effects of endogenous and exogenous elevations of CORT in non-diseased amphibians.Ĭhytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd) has contributed to worldwide amphibian population declines. To our knowledge only one such study has been conducted in wild vertebrates. While much is known about how GCs influence physiological function in non-diseased animals, much less is known about how GCs influence the same physiological functions in diseased animals. GCs influence a suite of physiological functions in vertebrates, including reproduction, development, blood ion homeostasis, metabolism, appetite, growth, and, importantly in the context of disease, immunity. The stress response is of interest in a disease context, because it is mediated by glucocorticoid (GC) hormones that are known to affect susceptibility to infection. ![]() The evolutionarily conserved stress response is one of the mechanisms by which vertebrates modulate responses to these stressors. ![]() Since wildlife EIDs are often associated with anthropogenic and environmental stressors, pathogenesis is likely influenced by the host’s response to stressors –. Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of wildlife can have profound effects on animal biodiversity, however, little is known about the pathogenesis of most wildlife EIDs. ![]()
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